Adjusted* associations of frequency of coffee consumption per day with newly diagnosed diabetes, intermediate hyperglycemia, and insulin levels, from ELSA-Brasil (2008–2012) (N = 12586).

a For IFG, IGT, HbA1c analyses, n = 11245 after exclusion of participants with newly diagnosed diabetes.b ≥ 61.8 pmol/l (top quartile of distribution).c ≥ 447.0 pmol/l (top quartile of distribution).† P-value for the test of any association between coffee consumption and the outcome of interest* Model 1: adjusted for sex, age (years), ELSA-Brasil center.Model 2: + race/color (white, pardo, black, asian/indigenous), education (high school or less, some university or more), education of mother (high school or less, some university or more), smoking status (current, former, never smoker), alcohol intake (user, former user, never user), leisure time physical activity level (engage in physical activity one time per week or less, engage in physical activity two or more times per week), hypertension, family history of diabetes, daily fruit consumption, daily vegetable consumption, dairy product intake (g/day), beef intake (g/day), white rice intake (g/day), soda intake (g/day), juice intake (g/day), tea intake (g/day), % kcal from fatModel 3: + body mass index, waist-hip ratio, C-reactive protein.Model 4: + Magnesium. Further adjustment for insulin measures (fasting and 2-hour postload) for diabetes, fasting glucose, two-hour postload glucose, and HbA1c analyses.Adjusted* associations of frequency of coffee consumption per day with newly diagnosed diabetes, intermediate hyperglycemia, and insulin levels, from ELSA-Brasil (2008–2012) (N = 12586).