Trichoderma atroviride P1 Colonization of Tomato Plants Enhances Both Direct and Indirect Defense Barriers Against Insects

<strong>FIGURE 1</strong> Survival rate of <em>S. littoralis</em> larvae, from 3rd instar (time 0) to pupation, reared on tomato leaves obtained from plants treated with <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, <em>P</em> = 0.0027). <strong>FIGURE 3</strong> Survival of <em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em> reared on tomato plants treated with <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, <em>P</em> = 0.0012). <strong>FIGURE 4</strong> Flight behavior of <em>Aphidius ervi</em> females (%) toward tomato plants inoculated with <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 and untreated controls. Asterisk indicates a significant difference, assigned by <em>G</em> test for independence (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). <strong>TABLE 1</strong> GC-MS detection of VOCs released by tomato plants obtained from seeds untreated (Control) and treated with <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> strain P1.