Tissue depths on CT facial models and on ReFace approximations

Parks et al. [5] measured 25 tissue depth locations defined by 14 mid-sagittal and 11 bilateral facial landmark pairs [23] on bone and soft tissue 3D models derived from CT scans of 388 living subjects in the U.S.A (Table 2). The CT database comprised both sexes and four ancestry groups, African female (n=50), African male (n=48), Asian female (n=48), Asian male (n=47), European female (n=49), European male (n=48), Hispanic female (n=49), and Hispanic male (n=49). Mean depths were compared to published datasets [24].
[5] C.L. Parks, A.H. Richard, K.L. Monson, Preliminary assessment of facial soft tissue thickness utilizing three-dimensional computed tomography models of living individuals, Forensic Sci. Int. 237 (2014) 146.e1-146.e10. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.043.
[5] C.L. Parks, A.H. Richard, K.L. Monson, Preliminary assessment of facial soft tissue thickness utilizing three-dimensional computed tomography models of living individuals, Forensic Sci. Int. 237 (2014) 146.e1-146.e10. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.043.
[23] C.N. Stephan, E.K. Simpson, Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (Part I): An analytical review of the published adult data, J. Forensic Sci. 53(6) (2008) 1257-1272. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00852.x.
[24] C.N. Stephan, Tallied-Facial-Soft-Tissue-Depth-Data. <http://www.craniofacialidentification.com/TFSTDD.html>, 2012 (accessed September 2013.).