Origin data of manuscript "Seasonal Dynamics of Geogenic Phosphorus in Alluvial-Lacustrine Aquifers: Coupling of Phosphorus-Containing Dissolved Organic Matter and Microbes as a Key Driver"

In this study, seasonal field monitoring was integrated with molecular DOM characterization and metagenomic analyses to elucidate the coupling among geogenic P, P-containing DOM, and microbial functional pathways. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus fluctuations were controlled by a degradation gradient of P-containing DOM and concurrent adjustments in microbial metabolism. The seasonal oxidant influx from dry to wet seasons modified redox conditions and promoted the transformation of high-molecular-weight humic substances into low-molecular-weight polar compounds, thereby weakening the microbial degradation of P-containing DOM and reducing DIP enrichment. Meanwhile, microbial P metabolism shifted from multi-pathway degradation involving dephosphorylation and C–P bond cleavage to a single dominant dephosphorylation pathway.