Crude Odds ratio (ORc)^* and adjusted Odds ratio (ORa)^** of specific maternal and child outcomes in women with pre-labor cesarean section (CS) compared to women with a trial of labor (intention-to-treat analysis), and in women with operative vaginal delivery or intrapartum CS c

Crude Odds ratio (ORc), Adjusted Odds ratio (ORa), confidence interval (CI). *For each outcome of interest, the crude OR was corrected for the clustering effect of the facility and was adjusted for the time period (period 1: from October 2007 to March 2008; period 2: from April to October 2008) and the country. **For each outcome of interest, the multivariable analysis was conducted using a hierarchical logistic mixed model with random intercept adjusted for individual and institutional variables (see the list below). $Adjustment for age, parity, previous CS, number of antenatal care visits, any pathology before index pregnancy, any pathology during current pregnancy, vaginal bleeding near full term, pregnancy-induced hypertension, chorioamniotis, referral status, availability of blood services, anaesthetist and obstetrics/gynaecology specialist availability, country and period. &Adjustment for age, parity, number of antenatal care visits, previous CS, any pathology before index pregnancy, any pathology during current pregnancy, vaginal bleeding near full term, pregnancy-induced hypertension, chorioamniotis, referral status, country and period. £Fetal/immediate neonatal death consisted in stillbirth or neonatal death within 24 hours after birth. Adjustment for age, parity, number of antenatal care visits, previous CS, any pathology before index pregnancy, any pathology during current pregnancy, pregnancy-induced hypertension, vaginal bleeding near full term, chorioamniotis, premature rupture of membranes, birth weight, referral status, availability of formal protocols for maternal and neonatal care, anaesthetist and obstetrics/gynaecology specialist availability, country and period. ¥Neonatal death after Day 1 consisted in neonatal death that occurred between 24 hours after birth and hospital discharge. Adjustment for age, parity, number of antenatal care visits, previous CS, any pathology before index pregnancy, any pathology during current pregnancy, pregnancy-induced hypertension, vaginal bleeding near full term, chorioamniotis, premature rupture of membranes, birth weight, referral status, availability of formal protocols for maternal and neonatal care, anaesthetist and obstetrics/gynaecology specialist availability, country and period.