Dataset for analysing spatiotemporal dynamics of large carnivores in Kasungu National Park, Malawi

Effective conservation management requires an understanding of the
spatiotemporal dynamics driving large carnivore density and resource
partitioning. In African ecosystems, reduced prey populations and the loss
of competing guild members, most notably lion (Panthera leo), are expected
to increase levels of competition between remaining carnivores.
Consequently, intraguild relationships can be altered, potentially
increasing the risk of further population decline. Kasungu National Park
(KNP), Malawi, is an example of a conservation area that has experienced
large-scale reductions in both carnivore and prey populations, leaving a
resident large carnivore guild consisting of only leopard (Panthera
pardus) and spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). Here we quantify the
spatiotemporal dynamics of these two species and their degree of
association, using a combination of co-detection modelling, time-to-event
analyses, and temporal activity patterns from camera trap data. Detection
of leopard and spotted hyaena was significantly associated with the
detection of preferred prey and competing carnivores, increasing the
likelihood of species interaction. Temporal analyses revealed sex-specific
differences in temporal activity, with female leopard activity patterns
significantly different to those of spotted hyaena and male conspecifics.
Heightened risk of interaction with interspecific competitors and male
conspecifics may have resulted in female leopards adopting temporal
avoidance strategies to facilitate co-existence. Female leopard
behavioural adaptations increased overall activity levels and diurnal
activity rates, with potential consequences for overall fitness and
exposure to sources of mortality. As both species are currently found at
low densities in KNP, increased risk of competitive interactions, that
infer a reduction in fitness, could have significant implications for
large carnivore demographics. Protection of remaining prey populations is
necessary to mitigate interspecific competition and avoid further
alterations to the large carnivore guild.