Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM]: Adult Population Survey Data Set, 1998-2017

The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor [GEM] research program was developed to provide comparisons among countries related to participation of adults in the firm creation process. The initial data was assembled as a pretest of five countries in 1998 and by 2012 over 100 countries had been involved in the program. The initial design for the GEM initiative was based on the first US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, and by 2012 data from 1,827,513 individuals had been gathered in 563 national samples and 6 specialized regional samples. This dataset is a harmonized file capturing results from all of the surveys. The procedure has been to harmonize the basic items across all surveys in all years, followed by implementing a standardized transform to identify those active as nascent entrepreneurs in the start-up process, as owner-managers of new firms, or as owner-managers of established firms. Those identified as nascent entrepreneurs or new business owners are the basis for the Total Entrepreneurial Activity [TEA] or Total Early-Stage index. This harmonized, consolidated assessment not only facilitates comparisons across countries, but provides a basis for temporal comparisons for individual countries. Respondents were queried on the following main topics: general entrepreneurship, start-up activities, ownership and management of the firm, and business angels (angel investors). Respondents were initially screened by way of a series of general questions pertaining to starting a business, such as whether they were currently trying to start a new business, whether they knew anyone who had started a new business, whether they thought it was a good time to start a new business, as well as their perceptions of the income potential and the prestige associated with starting a new business. Demographic variables include respondent age, sex, and employment status.

全球创业监控（GEM）研究项目旨在提供关于成年人参与企业创建过程的各国比较。最初的数据收集于1998年对五个国家的预测试，到2012年，已有超过100个国家参与该计划。GEM项目的初始设计基于美国首次创业动态调查小组研究，到2012年，已在563个国家和6个专业区域样本中收集了来自1,827,513个人的数据。本数据集是一个协调一致文件，包含了所有调查的结果。协调过程包括对所有年份所有调查中的基本项目进行协调，随后实施标准化转换以识别处于初创过程中的新兴企业家、新企业的所有者兼管理者或成熟企业的所有者兼管理者。被识别为新兴企业家或新企业主构成了总体创业活动（TEA）或总体早期阶段指数的基础。这一协调和综合评估不仅促进了各国之间的比较，还为各国的时间序列比较提供了依据。受访者就以下主要主题进行了调查：一般创业、初创活动、企业的所有权和管理以及天使投资者（天使投资人）。受访者最初通过一系列关于创业的一般性问题进行筛选，例如他们是否目前正在尝试创建新企业，他们是否认识已创建新企业的人，他们认为现在是创业的好时机，以及他们对创业收入潜力和声誉的看法。人口统计变量包括受访者的年龄、性别和就业状况。