Similarities and differences between the indigenous beliefs of Shinto (Japan) and Mother Goddess Worship (Vietnam): an approach from cultural schema theory

Thanks to the reverence for nature, both the Vietnamese and Japanese communities worship deities associated with mountains, rivers and trees. Thus, these manifestations of nature worship are a distinctive feature of East Asian agricultural cultures, contributing to cultural identities worldwide. This article explores these traditions using field methods, participant observation, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of linguistic documents and ritual videos. The article has clarified that Mother Goddess worship in Vietnam and Shinto in Japan are essential to fulfilling spiritual needs, easing anxieties and nurturing ethical and communal values, reflecting both shared and unique aspects of these belief systems. It reveals how these beliefs shape cognition, behavior, lifestyle, and mindset in two communities through fact and concept schemas, procedure schemas and emotion schemas. Moreover, it highlights their enduring significance and the need for ongoing, interdisciplinary research, especially with religious beliefs in modern society. This study explores the similarities and differences between Shinto beliefs in Japan and the worship of the Mother Goddess in Vietnam through the lens of cultural schema theory. By examining these indigenous belief systems, our research identifies three shared elements: the sacredness of water, respect for nature and reverence for deities. From these elements, we developed schemas that represent the characteristic practices and emotional landscapes of worshippers. Additionally, distinct differences in ritual practices and perspectives on human existence reflect the unique cultural expressions of belief in each country. This study adhered to ethical research standards. In cases where participant observation involved identifiable individuals, informed consent was obtained to ensure transparency and respect for their privacy and cultural practices. This comparative approach enriches our understanding of how cultural schemas shape identity, ritual practices, and social cohesion, contributing to broader discussions on cultural preservation and intercultural appreciation.