Global gap-free monthly 0.1° XCO2 product from 2003 to 2019

This dataset provides gap-free, monthly global maps of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO₂, unit: ppm) at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution from January 2003 to December 2019, covering both land and ocean between 70° N and 70° S. Values are reconstructed with a Light Gradient Boosting Machine that integrates OCO-2 retrievals, CAMS-EGG4 reanalysis, ERA5 meteorological variables, and other CO₂ emission-related predictors. Each annual archive YYYY.zip contains 12 monthly NetCDF files named YYYY_MM.nc.Every NetCDF file has three 2-D variables on the same 0.1 ° × 0.1 ° grid (lat = 1401, lon = 3600): Variable Dimensions Units Description XCO2 (lat, lon) ppm Column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO₂ lat (lat, lon) ° Latitude coordinate for each grid cell lon (lat, lon) ° Longitude coordinate for each grid cell The latitude array ranges from 70° to -70°, and longitude array ranges from -180° to 180°. ✅ Please cite the following article when using the dataset: Hwang, S., Choi, H., Kang, Y., & Im, J. (2026). Reconstructing long-term (2003–2019) global high-resolution XCO2: bridging observational gaps with machine learning. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 63(1), 2627042.