Average monthly PM2.5 concentration in Europe 2023, by select city

Average PM2.5 concentrations in European cities vary by month, with the highest concentrations typically recorded in the winter months. In January 2023, the average PM2.5 concentration in Athens was 26.9 micrograms per cubic meter of air (μg/m³) – far higher than in many other major European cities that month. Levels fell in the following months, dropping to 13.4 μg/m³ by April 2023. Still, this was roughly double the PM2.5 concentration recorded in Madrid that same month.

欧洲城市中PM2.5的平均浓度随月份而变化，通常冬季月份的浓度最高。以2023年1月为例，雅典的PM2.5平均浓度达26.9微克每立方米空气（μg/m³），远超当月许多其他主要欧洲城市。随后数月，浓度逐渐下降，至2023年4月降至13.4 μg/m³。然而，这仍约为同年同月马德里PM2.5浓度的两倍。