BIG DATA MANAGEMENT AND PROCESSING PARADIGMS: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF ARCHITECTURES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

The exponential growth of data generated by modern digital systems has fundamentally transformed how organizations store, process, and extract value from information. Big Data — characterized by its volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value (the 5Vs) — has emerged as a critical research domain within computer science and information systems. This survey provides a systematic and comprehensive review of Big Data management architectures, distributed processing paradigms, storage technologies, and analytical frameworks developed over the past decade. We examine foundational technologies including the Hadoop ecosystem, Apache Spark, NoSQL database systems, data lake architectures, and real-time stream processing platforms. Additionally, we analyze the integration of machine learning pipelines with Big Data infrastructure, cloud-native deployment strategies, and emerging trends such as edge analytics and federated data processing. Our review synthesizes findings from over 150 peer-reviewed publications and evaluates each paradigm according to scalability, fault tolerance, latency, throughput, and ecosystem maturity. We identify critical open challenges and propose a research agenda for future investigation, particularly in the areas of data governance, energy-efficient processing, and privacy-preserving analytics.