Clinical diagnostic efficacy comparison of the proposed hybrid model and benchmark machine learning models. Metrics are reported as point estimates with 95% CIs. This table offers a discussion of the measures of high interest in clinical implementation. Sensitivity (true positive rate) reflects the ability to correctly identify patients with CVD, while Specificity (true negative rate) indicates the ability to correctly rule out patients without CVD. The Negative Likelihood Ratio quantifies how much the odds of having the disease decrease with a negative test result, where smaller values indicate stronger diagnostic power. The suggested model has the best balance of the greatest sensitivity and specificity, as well as the least Negative Likelihood Ratio, which highlights its strength and better performance as a diagnostic tool in the clinical practice.

Clinical diagnostic efficacy comparison of the proposed hybrid model and benchmark machine learning models. Metrics are reported as point estimates with 95% CIs. This table offers a discussion of the measures of high interest in clinical implementation. Sensitivity (true positive rate) reflects the ability to correctly identify patients with CVD, while Specificity (true negative rate) indicates the ability to correctly rule out patients without CVD. The Negative Likelihood Ratio quantifies how much the odds of having the disease decrease with a negative test result, where smaller values indicate stronger diagnostic power. The suggested model has the best balance of the greatest sensitivity and specificity, as well as the least Negative Likelihood Ratio, which highlights its strength and better performance as a diagnostic tool in the clinical practice.