Multi-omics reveals the mechanism of environmental concentration of microcystin-LR-induced muscle damage and nutrient loss and the role of gut-muscle axis in Nile tilapia

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is common and potent cyanobacterial toxins, are produced during the outbreaks of these blooms. However, little is known about the effects and molecular mechanisms of chronic environmental concentration of MC-LR exposure on musclar toxicity in fish. We systematically assessed the musclar toxicity of chronic MC-LR exposure via histological and biochemical examinations and explored the underpinning mechanisms via integrative multi-omics analyses of gut microbiome, serum metabolome, muscle transcriptome and metabolome in Nile tilapia.