Bone surface modification frequencies.

Modifications detailed by long bone portion [22]–[24], bed, and analyst. Epiphyseal fragments (EPI) bear at least some of the proximal or distal articular surface. Mid-shaft fragments (MSH) are diaphyseal specimens that lack cancellous bone on medullary surfaces. Bone modifications follow the literature [17 and references therein], and include tooth marks (TM: pits, scores, furrows), cut marks (CM), and percussion marks (PM: pits, striae). Bone modification frequencies are listed by analyst: Ferraro, Pobiner, and Oliver (in order from left to right). Samples are bovid and taxonomically-indeterminate long bone specimens (i.e., humerus, radius, metacarpal, femur, tibia, metatarsal, or ‘long bone shaft fragment’), ≥2 cm in length, from body sizes 1–3 (i.e., small and medium-sized) [21], with ‘very good’ to ‘excellent’ bone surface preservation (i.e., surface conditions 4–5 [17]) and without recent or geological fractures. Data for summed body sizes, including ‘size indet’.