Afrint Village Level Data 2002 and 2008 - Ghana

Abstract
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Afrint intensification of food crops agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa Swedish-African Research Network Agricultural development and its relation to food security and poverty alleviation Primary research in nine sub-Saharan African countries. Afrint was in three phases 200I-2016.
Afrint I - 2001-2005: The African Food Crisis, the Relevance of Asian Experiences.
Afrint II - 2007-2010: The Millennium Development Goals and the African Food Crisis.

Gender gaps and pro-poor agricultural growth in Malawi and Zambia - (Sida). African Urban Agriculture - Kenya and Ghana (Sida, Formas).

Geographic coverage
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Sub Saharan Africa, (Ethiopia,Ghana,Kenya,Malawi,Nigeria,Tanzania,Uganda,Zambia) Regions within selected countries

Analysis unit
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Household

Universe
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Farming Household

Kind of data
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Aggregate data [agg]

Sampling procedure
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Data collection for the first round of the Afrint project was made in 2002. The data collected as part of the second round are referred to as 2008 data, although in some cases collected in late 2007. From the outset the research team selected five case study countries: Ghana, Kenya,Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. Outside francophone Africa, these five countries were ideally suited, in the researchers view, to charting progress in intensification, induced from below by farmers themselves, or state induced, as in the Asian Green Revolution. At the insistence of Sida, to the original five countries, four more were added: Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. Unlioriginal five, the three last mentioned countries were deemed less constrained with respect to productive resources in agriculture. Ethiopia on the other hand is peculiar in an African context, with its long history of plough agriculture, and feudal-like social formation. In this project, the heterogeneous sample of countries has proved less cumbersome to work with than one might have expected.

Formally, the Afrint sample was drawn in four stages, of which the country selection described above was the first one. The next stage was regions within countries, followed by selection of villages within regions, and with selection of farm households as the last stage. All stages except the final one have been based on purposive sampling. Data collection was sought to be made at all four levels.

The households sampled within these countries were selected with respect to the agricultural potential of the areas in which they reside. The intention was to capture the dynamism in the areas that are 'above average' in terms of ecological and market (infrastructure) endowments but excluding the most extreme cases in this regard.
For logistical reasons we could not aim for a sample which is representative in a statistical sense. Instead we aimed at a sample which is illustrative of conditions in the maize-cassava belt, excluding both lowpotential dry and remote areas and extreme outliers at the other end of the scale, i.e. privileged high-potential areas.

Thus we used a four-stage sample design, with purposive sampling at all stages, except the last one, where households were sampled after having made up household lists. When we compare point estimates from the sample with those from other sources, for examples yields for the various crops with FAO statistics, no apparent sample bias has been detected. In addition to household questionnaires we also used village questionnaires. Respondents to village interviews were key persons, like village leaders and extension agents. Investigators were also instructed to conduct focus group interviews with representatives for various segments of the village population, including women farmers.

When going for a second round and a panel in 2008, we went for a balanced panel design, i.e. constructing the 2008 sample so that in itself it would be representative of village populations in 2008. This also involved sampling descendants when a household had been partitioned since 2002. In case of sizeable in-migration to a village, we also provided for sampling from the newly arrived households. The 2002-2008 panel thus is a subset of the two cross sectional samples. In itself this subset is not statistically representative of the village population in any of the two years.

Sampling deviation
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20.6 percent

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Scope of Surey Round I (2001-2005)

Population size and land use
Agricultural dynamism: agro-ecology
Agricultural dynamism: infrastructure and markets
State interventions
Markets
Farmer organisations
Land and land tenure
Credit
History of intensification (indicators)
Labour:
Economic constraints and facilitating factors
Gender aspects:

Scope of Survey Round II (2007-2010).

Section I
Village identification
Summary on agro-ecological potential
Section II
General village characteristics
Population size and land use
Infrastructure land and land tenure
Agricultural dynamism: agro-ecology and environmental problems
Cattle
Section III
General village characteristics
Credit
Contract farming (commercial)
Section IV
Staple crops: availability and access to varieties
Fertilizer
Fertilizer access
Agricultural techniques
Extension
Food security indicators

Section V
General village characteristics
Population size and land use

Land and land tenure
Rural-urban linkages
Gender dynamics in relation to crops
Food security indicators

Cleaning operations
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No editing specification given.

Response rate
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79.4 percent

Sampling error estimates
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No sampling error estimates given.

Data appraisal
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No other forms of appraisal given.

摘要
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非洲食品作物农业在撒哈拉以南非洲的加强研究，瑞典-非洲研究网络，农业发展与粮食安全及贫困缓解的关系，对九个撒哈拉以南非洲国家进行的初级研究。Afrint 项目分为三个阶段，时间跨度为 2001-2016 年。
Afrint I - 2001-2005：非洲粮食危机，亚洲经验的关联性。
Afrint II - 2007-2010：千年发展目标与非洲粮食危机。

地理覆盖范围
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撒哈拉以南非洲，包括（埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、马拉维、尼日利亚、坦桑尼亚、乌干达、赞比亚）选定国家内的地区。

分析单元
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家庭

总体
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农业家庭

数据类型
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汇总数据 [agg]

抽样程序
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Afrint 项目的第一轮数据收集于 2002 年进行。作为第二轮收集的数据被称为 2008 年数据，尽管在某些情况下是在 2007 年晚些时候收集的。从一开始，研究团队就选择了五个案例研究国家：加纳、肯尼亚、马拉维、尼日利亚和坦桑尼亚。在瑞典国际开发署（Sida）的坚持下，除了最初的五个国家外，还增加了四个国家：埃塞俄比亚、莫桑比克、乌干达和赞比亚。与最初的五个国家相比，最后提到的三个国家在农业生产力资源方面受到的限制较少。另一方面，埃塞俄比亚在非洲背景下具有独特性，其具有悠久的耕作农业历史和类似封建的社会结构。在这个项目中，不同国家的异质样本证明比预期的更容易处理。

正式而言，Afrint 样本分为四个阶段，其中上述国家选择是第一阶段。下一阶段是国家内的地区，接着是区域内村庄的选择，最后是选择农场家庭。所有阶段（除最后一个阶段外）均基于目的抽样。数据收集旨在在所有四个层面进行。

在这些国家内抽取的样本家庭是根据他们居住地区的农业潜力来选择的。目的是捕捉那些在生态和市场（基础设施）赋存方面“高于平均水平”的地区的发展活力，但排除这一方面的极端案例。

由于后勤原因，我们无法旨在获得具有统计代表性的样本。相反，我们旨在获得一个能够说明玉米-木薯地带条件的样本，排除低潜力干旱和偏远地区以及另一端极端的特权高潜力地区。

因此，我们采用了四阶段样本设计，所有阶段（除最后一个阶段外）均采用目的抽样，最后一个阶段是在制定家庭名单后抽取家庭样本。当我们将样本的点估计值与其他来源的数据进行比较时，例如各种作物的产量与联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的统计数据，没有发现明显的样本偏差。除了家庭问卷外，我们还使用了村庄问卷。村庄访谈的受访者是关键人物，如村长和推广人员。研究人员还被告知要开展与村庄人口各部分代表人物的重点小组访谈，包括女农民。

在 2008 年进行第二轮和横截面样本时，我们采用了平衡横截面设计，即构建 2008 年样本，使其本身就能代表 2008 年的村庄人口。这也涉及对自 2002 年以来已分区的家庭的子女进行抽样。在村庄出现大量移民的情况下，我们还提供了从新到达的家庭中进行抽样的可能性。因此，2002-2008 年的横截面样本是两个横截面样本的子集。这个子集本身在任何两年中都不是村庄人口的统计代表性。

抽样偏差
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20.6%

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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第一轮调查（2001-2005）的调查范围

人口规模和土地利用
农业活力：农业生态
农业活力：基础设施和市场
国家干预
市场
农民组织
土地和土地产权
信贷
加强历史（指标）
劳动力：经济约束和促进因素
性别方面：

第二轮调查（2007-2010）的调查范围。
第一部分
村庄识别
农业生态潜力概述
第二部分
一般村庄特征
人口规模和土地利用
基础设施、土地和土地产权
农业活力：农业生态和环境问题
牲畜
第三部分
一般村庄特征
信贷
合同农业（商业）
第四部分
主食：品种的可用性和获取
化肥
化肥获取
农业技术
推广
粮食安全指标
第五部分
一般村庄特征
人口规模和土地利用
土地和土地产权
城乡联系
与作物相关的性别动态
粮食安全指标

数据清理操作
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未提供编辑规范。
响应率
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79.4%

抽样误差估计
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未提供抽样误差估计。
数据评估
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未提供其他评估形式。