Metagenome and resistome analysis of beta-lactam-resistant bacteria isolated from river waters in Surabaya, Indonesia

Since antimicrobial agents are administered not only to humans but also to livestock, and bacterial AMR and antimicrobial agents are released into the environment, it is becoming more important to take a One Health approach to investigate trends in AMR that covers not only humans but also livestock and the environment. In this study, we performed the metagenome analysis of multi-drug resistant bacteria with CHROMagar ESBL in environmental river water samples which are located nearby Hospitals, downtown area, residential area and water treatment plant in Surabaya, Indonesia. As results, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Klebsiella, which grew in CHROMagar ESBL, were most frequently detected in the water samples from rivers surrounding hospitals were contaminated with a variety of ARGs with high levels of amount. These results identified the bacteria as reservoirs of ARGs and revealed that hospitals could be sources of a variety of ARGs disseminated into the environment. In conclusion, this novel metagenomic analysis of environmental water using CHROMagar ESBL could be a useful tool for the AMR epidemiological study based on One Health Approach.