EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS AND DROUGHT ON SOIL ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY

Microplastics in soils have become an important threat for terrestrial systems as they may potentially alter the geochemical/biophysical soil environment and can interact with drought. As microplastics may affect soil water content, this could exacerbate the well-known negative effects of drought on ecosystem functionality. Thus, functions including litter decomposition, soil aggregation or those related with nutrient cycling can be altered. Despite this potential interaction, we know relatively little about how microplastics, under different soil water conditions, affect ecosystem functions and multifunctionality.

To address this gap, we performed an experiment using grassland plant communities growing in microcosms. Microplastic fibers (absent, present) and soil water conditions (well-watered, drought), were applied in a fully factorial design. At harvest, we measured soil ecosystem functions related to nutrient cycling (ß-glucosaminidase, ß-D-cellobiosidase, phosphatase, ß-glucosidase enzymes), respiration, nutrient retention, pH, litter decomposition and soil aggregation (water stable aggregates). As terrestrial systems provide these functions simultaneously, we also assessed ecosystem multifunctionality, an index that encompasses the array of ecosystem functions measured here.

We found that the interaction between microplastic fibers and drought affected ecosystem functions and multifunctionality. Drought had negatively affected nutrient cycling by decreasing enzymatic activities by up to ~39 %, while microplastics increased soil aggregation by ~18 %, soil pH by ~4 %, and nutrient retention by up to ~70 % by diminishing nutrient leaching. Microplastic fibers also impacted soil enzymes, respiration and ecosystem multifunctionality, but importantly, the direction of these effects depended on soil water status. That is, under well-watered conditions, these functions decreased with microplastic fibers by up to ~34 % while under drought they had similar values irrespective of the microplastic presence, or tended to increase with microplastics. Litter decomposition had a contrary pattern increasing with microplastics by ~6 % under well-watered conditions while decreasing to a similar percentage under drought.

Synthesis and applications. Single ecosystem functions can be positively or negatively affected by microplastics fibers depending on soil water status. However, our results suggest that microplastic fibers may cause negative effects on ecosystem soil multifunctionality of a similar magnitude as drought. Thus, strategies to counteract this new global change factor are necessary

Methods
An experiment in the greenhouse was established. A plant community (7 plant species) grew in pots in a factorial design that included drought and microplastics in the soil as treatments. At harvest, different soil ecosystem functions were measured.