Gene expression profile of 3D liver organoids composed of hepatocyte and Kupffer cells exposed to nanoparticles.

Single cell RNA sequencing of 3D liver spheroid exposed to vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), titanium dioxide (TiO2), or graphene oxide (GO) was used to elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of different nanoparticles. 3D liver organoids containing hepatocytes and Kupffer cells were cultured then exposed to 6.25 µg/mL of either vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), titanium dioxide (TiO2), or graphene oxide (GO) for 6 hrs. After 6hrs of treatment, single cell suspensions were isolated and ran using the 10x 3′ single-cell RNA-seq V3.1 protocol.