Data for the paper: The Role of Glycerol in Manufacturing Freeze-Dried Chitosan and Cellulose Foams for Mechanically Stable Scaffolds in Skin Tissue Engineering

The Dataset contains all the data, described in the article "The Role of Glycerol in Manufacturing Freeze-Dried Chitosan and Cellulose Foams for Mechanically Stable Scaffolds in Skin Tissue Engineering."

AbstractVarious strategies have extensively explored enhancing the physical and biological properties of chitosan and cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. This study presents a straightforward method involving the addition of glycerol into highly porous structures of two polysaccharide complexes: chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose (Chit/CMC) and chitosan/oxidized cellulose (Chit/OC); during a one-step freeze-drying process. Adding glycerol, especially to Chit/CMC, significantly increased stability, prevented degradation, and improved mechanical strength by nearly 50%. Importantly, after 21 days of incubation in enzymatic medium Chit/CMC scaffold has almost completely decomposed, while foams reinforced with glycerol exhibited only 40% mass loss. It is possible due to differences in multivalent cations and polymer chain contraction, resulting in varied hydrogen bonding and, consequently, distinct physicochemical outcomes. Additionally, the scaffolds with glycerol improved the cellular activities resulting in over 40% higher proliferation of fibroblast after 21 days of incubation. It was achieved by imparting water resistance to the highly absorbent material and aiding in achieving a balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. This study clearly indicates the possible elimination of additional crosslinkers and multiple fabrication steps that can reduce the cost of scaffold production for skin tissue engineering applications while tailoring mechanical strength and degradation.

Figure 2. Morphology. SEM micrographs of the internal structure of the freeze-dried scaffolds. Results of porosity analysis. The methodology and data are described in the README file in the folder.

Figure 3. Mechanical test results. Representative stress-strain curves from the tensile test of all freeze-dried scaffolds, where (A)– measurement performed in dry conditions, (B) – measurement performed in wet conditions. All are described in the README file in the folder.

Figure 4. Swelling behavior of all scaffolds. B – Two representative vials with a visual demonstration of swelling, samples marked with circles: Chit/CMC sample submerged in the PBS (blue circle) and Chit/CMC/Glyc sample floating on the surface (green circle). The arrows lead to photos of scaffolds taken from vials directly after swelling. C – Gel fraction analysis in aqueous solution after 24 6 h. D – Time after which the water droplet is absorbed into the scaffold. E – Photographs of water droplet shape changes on Chit/CMC and Chit/CMC/Glyc scaffolds over time. All are described in the README file in the folder.

Figure 5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis results. Details are in the README file in the folder.

Figure 6. The FTIR spectra of eluates from degraded scaffolds collected on a microscopic glass slide. Details are in the README file in the folder.

Figure 7.  The degradation studies of all scaffolds over 21 days of experiments in A – enzymatic medium. B – cell culture medium. Details are in the README file in the folder.

Figure 9. Cell experiments and toxicity analysis. Cytotoxicity of eluates taken from degraded scaffolds. B – Direct fibroblast seeding on scaffolds during 14 days of culture period. C – Direct fibroblast seeding on scaffolds during 14 days of culture period without control to better see the effect of glycerol. Details are in the README file in the folder.