Potential molecular mechanisms of Huangqin Tang for liver cancer treatment by network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulations

This study aims to investigate the mechanism of Huangqin Tang in treating liver cancer. Active ingredients and corresponding targets of Huangqin Tang were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database. Differentially expressed genes in liver cancer were identified from mRNA expression data. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using differentially expressed genes and Huangqin Tang targets. Random walk with restart (RWR) analysis was performed on the PPI network. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were conducted. A drug-active ingredient–gene interaction network was established, and molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed. Finally, the stability of binding between CDK1 and oroxylin was tested according to cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). 160 active ingredients, 239 targets, and 1093 differentially expressed genes were identified. RWR analysis identified 10 potential targets for liver cancer. Enrichment analysis revealed protein kinase regulator activity and Steroid hormone biosynthesis as significant pathways. Molecular docking suggested a stable complex between oroxylin A and CDK1. CETSA demonstrated that the combination of oroxylin A and CDK1 increased the stability of CDK1, and the combination efficiency was high. Huangqin Tang may treat liver cancer by targeting CDK1 with oroxylin A. Protein kinase regulator activity and Steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways may play a role in liver cancer treatment with Huangqin Tang. This study provides insight into the mechanistic basis of Huangqin Tang for liver cancer treatment.