DIFFICULTIES IN DEVELOPING LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

This paper systematically investigates the primary difficulties learners face in developing listening and speaking skills in English as a Second or Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) and proposes evidence-based pedagogical solutions. While receptive and productive oral skills are critical for communicative competence, they often present significant challenges due to a complex interplay of linguistic, cognitive, affective, and environmental factors. Through a review of contemporary literature, this article identifies key obstacles, including phonological processing issues, anxiety, lack of authentic practice, and cognitive overload. that explicitly target the unique demands of oral-aural proficiency.