Table_1_Antifungal Secondary Metabolites Produced by the Fungal Endophytes: Chemical Diversity and Potential Use in the Development of Biopesticides.docx

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi can lead to huge losses in the agricultural fields and therefore remain a continuous threat to the global food security. Chemical-based fungicides contributed significantly in securing crop production. However, indiscriminate application of fungicides has led to increased chemical resistance and potential risks to human health and environment. Thus, there is an urgent need for searching for new bioactive natural products and developing them into new biopesticides. Fungal endophytes, microorganisms that reside in the fresh tissues of living plants, are regarded as untapped sources of novel natural products for exploitation in agriculture and/or medicine. Chemical examination of endophytic fungi has yielded enormous antifungal natural products with potential use in the development of biopesticides. This review summarizes a total of 132 antifungal metabolites isolated from fungal endophytes in the past two decades. The emphasis is on the unique chemical diversity of these metabolic products, together with their relevant antifungal properties. Moreover, some “star molecules,” such as griseofulvin and trichothecene, as well as their synthetic derivatives that possess high potential as candidates of new natural fungicides, are also presented herein.

植物病害由植物病原真菌引起，可能导致农业领域巨大损失，因此对全球粮食安全构成持续威胁。基于化学的杀菌剂在保障作物生产方面发挥了重要作用。然而，杀菌剂的盲目使用导致了化学抗性的增加，并对人类健康和环境造成潜在风险。因此，迫切需要寻找新的生物活性天然产物，并将它们开发成新的生物农药。真菌内生菌，即存在于活植物新鲜组织中的微生物，被视为农业和/或医学中未充分利用的新型天然产物来源。对内生真菌的化学检验产生了大量具有开发生物农药潜力的抗真菌天然产物。本综述总结了过去二十年从真菌内生菌中分离出的132种抗真菌代谢产物。重点在于这些代谢产物的独特化学多样性及其相关的抗真菌特性。此外，一些“明星分子”，如灰黄霉素和三萜类化合物，以及它们作为新型天然杀菌剂候选物的合成衍生物，也被在此处展示。