Trace-element geochemistry of tholeiitic basalts from DSDP Hole 55-433C

Hole 433C, a multiple re-entry hole drilled in 1862 meters of water on Suiko Seamount in the central Emperor Seamounts, penetrated 387.5 meters of lava flows overlain by 163.0 meters of sediments. The recovered volcanic rocks consist of three flow units (1-3) of alkalic basalt underlain by more than 105 flows or flow lobes (Flow Units 4-67) of tholeiitic basalt.
This study reports trace-element, including rare-earth element (REE), data for 25 samples from 24 of the least altered tholeiitic flows. These data are used to evaluate the origin and evolution of tholeiitic basalts from Suiko Seamount and to evaluate changes in the mantle source between the time when Suiko Seamount formed, 64.7 ± 1.1 m.y. ago (see Dalrymple et al., 1980), and the present day.
Stearns (1946), Macdonald and Katsura (1964) and Macdonald (1968) have established that chemically distinct lavas erupt during four eruptive stages of development of a Hawaiian volcano. These stages, from initial to final, are shield-building, caldera-filling, post-caldera, and post-erosional. The lavas of the shield-building stage are tholeiitic basalts, which erupt rapidly and in great volume. The shield-building stage is quickly followed by caldera collapse and by the caldera-filling stage, during which the caldera is filled by tholeiitic and alkalic lavas. During the post-caldera stage, a relatively thin veneer of alkalic basalts and associated differentiated lavas are erupted, sometimes accompanied by minor eruptions of tholeiitic lava. After a period of volcanic quiescence and erosion, lavas of the nephelinitic suite, which include both alkalic basalts and strongly SiO2-undersaturated nephelinitic basalts, may erupt from satellite vents during the post-erosional stage. Many Hawaiian volcanoes develop through all four stages; but individual volcanoes have become extinct before the cycle is complete.
We interpret the tholeiitic lavas drilled on Suiko Seamount to have erupted during either the shield-building or the caldera-filling stage, and the overlying alkalic flows to have erupted during either the caldera-filling or the post-caldera stage (see Kirkpatrick et al., 1980).