Data from: Wirelessly steerable bioelectronic neuromuscular robots adapting neurocardiac junctions

Biological motions of native muscle tissues rely on the nervous system to
interface movement with the surrounding environment. The neural
innervation of muscles, crucial for regulating movement, is the
fundamental infrastructure for swiftly responding to changes in body
tissue requirements. This study introduces a bioelectronic neuromuscular
robot integrated with the motor nervous system through electrical synapses
to evoke cardiac muscle activities and steer robotic motion. Serving as an
artificial brain and wirelessly regulating selective neural activation to
initiate robot fin motion, a wireless frequency multiplexing bioelectronic
device is used to control the robot. Frequency multiplexing bioelectronics
enables the control of the robot locomotion speed and direction by
modulating the flapping of the robot fins through the wireless motor
innervation of cardiac muscles. The robots demonstrated an average
locomotion speed of ~0.52 ± 0.22 millimeters per second, fin-flapping
frequency up to 2.0 hertz, and turning locomotion path curvature of ~0.11
± 0.04 radians per millimeter. These systems will contribute to the
expansion of biohybrid machines into the brain-to-motor frontier for
developing autonomous biohybrid systems capable of advanced adaptive motor
control and learning.