EARLY DIAGNOSTIC AND METABOLIC FEATURES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS

Chronic kidney failure remains one of the most significant medical and socioeconomic problems worldwide due to its high morbidity, disability, and mortality rates. According to the World Health Organization, chronic kidney disease affects approximately 10–13% of the global population, while the incidence of chronic kidney failure continues to increase annually [1]. The condition is strongly associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. Progressive nephron loss leads to glomerular sclerosis, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, and accumulation of nitrogenous waste products. Clinical studies indicate that patients with chronic kidney failure have a cardiovascular mortality risk 15–20 times higher than the general population [2]. Early diagnosis and timely correction of metabolic disturbances are therefore essential for preventing disease progression and improving prognosis.