Specifications of the fabric sample (Substrate).

The increased interest in outdoor activities has prompted the demand for water-repellent fabrics that can withstand various environmental factors. In this study, the water repellency and physical properties, namely thickness, weight, tensile strength, elongation, and stiffness, of cotton woven fabrics were analyzed according to various treatments with different types of household water-repellent agents and number of coating layers. Fluorine-, silicone-, and wax-based water-repellent agents were coated on cotton woven fabrics once, thrice, and five times. Thickness, weight, and stiffness increased with the number of coating layers, which may reduce comfort. These properties increased minimally for the fluorine- and silicone-based water-repellent agents, whereas they considerably increased for the wax-based water-repellent agent. The fluorine-based water-repellent agent had a low water repellency rating of 2.2 even after five coating layers, and the silicone-based water-repellent agent had a higher rating of 3.4 with the same five coating layers. Meanwhile, the wax-based water-repellent agent had the highest water repellency rating of 5 even with only one coating layer, which was maintained with repeated coatings. Therefore, fluorine- and silicone-based water-repellent agents minimally altered the fabric properties even with repeated coatings; multiple coating layers, especially five or more layers for the fluorine-based water-repellent agent, are recommended to attain excellent water repellency. Conversely, one coating layer of the wax-based water-repellent agent is recommended to retain the comfort of the wearer.