Table2_Coordinated energy storage and network expansion planning considering the trustworthiness of demand-side response.XLSX

The enhancement of economic sustainability and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are becoming more relevant in power system planning. Thus, renewable energy sources (RESs) have been widely used as clean energy for their lower generation costs and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, the strong random uncertainties from both the demand and generation sides make planning an economic, reliable, and ecological power system more complicated. Thus, this paper considers a variety of resources and technologies and presents a coordinated planning model including energy storage systems (ESSs) and grid network expansion, considering the trustworthiness of demand-side response (DR). First, the size of a single ESS was considered as its size has a close effect on maintenance costs and ultimately affects the total operating cost of the system. Second, it evaluates the influence of the trustworthiness of DR. Third, multiple resources and technologies were included in this high-penetration renewable energy integrated power system, such as ESSs, networks, DR technology, and GHG reduction technology. Finally, this model optimizes the decision variables such as the single size and location of ESSs and the operation parameters such as thermal generation costs, loss load costs, renewable energy curtailment costs, and GHG emission costs. Since the problem scale is very large not only due to the presence of various devices but also both binary and continuous variables considered simultaneously, we reformulate this model by decomposition. Then, we transform it into a master problem (MP) and a dual sub-problem (SP). Finally, the proposed method is applied to a modified IEEE 24-bus test system. The results show computational effectiveness and provide a helpful method in planning low-carbon electricity power systems.

随着经济可持续性提升及温室气体（GHG）排放降低在电力系统规划中的重要性日益凸显，可再生能源资源（RESs）因其较低的发电成本和环保特性，已被广泛用作清洁能源。然而，需求和发电两方面的强烈随机不确定性使得构建经济、可靠且生态的电力系统规划愈发复杂。鉴于此，本研究考虑了多种资源和技术的综合，并提出了一种包含能量存储系统（ESSs）和电网网络扩展的协调规划模型，同时考虑了需求响应（DR）的可靠性。首先，论文考虑了单个ESS规模的优化，因其规模对维护成本影响显著，并最终影响系统的总运营成本。其次，评估了DR可靠性的影响。第三，将多种资源和技术纳入高渗透率可再生能源集成电力系统中，包括ESSs、网络、DR技术和GHG减排技术。最后，模型优化了决策变量，如ESS的单个规模和位置，以及操作参数，如热发电成本、损失负荷成本、可再生能源削减成本和GHG排放成本。鉴于问题规模庞大，不仅因为存在各种设备，还因为同时考虑了二元和连续变量，本研究通过分解模型，将其转化为主问题（MP）和双对偶子问题（SP）。最终，所提出的方法应用于修改后的IEEE 24节点测试系统。结果显示，该方法在计算效率上具有显著优势，并为低碳电力系统规划提供了一种有益的方法。