Symbolic summary of the effects of T2DM on bone material properties in humans and rodent models.

Each arrow represents the result of one study with compositional, material, or structural outcomes indicated as increased (↑), decreased (↓), and unchanged (↔) vs. non-diabetic controls. Material properties reported here were both directly assessed and estimated from whole-bone tests. Abbreviations: XST = mineral crystallinity; C:P = Carbonate:Phosphate; XLR = collagen maturity; Pen = Pentosidine concentration; E = elastic modulus; σy = yield stress; σult = ultimate stress; K = fracture toughness; Pmax = maximum load [22].