Raw sperm motility parameters measured using SMAS from Paternal physical inactivity alters offspring sex ratio and is associated with heritable impairments in reproductive success in rats

Each row represents one sire. Columns include group (Control, Inactive, Inactive+Exercise), percentage of motile sperm, and kinematic parameters derived from SMAS analysis: VAP (average path velocity), VSL (straight-line velocity), VCL (curvilinear velocity), LIN (linearity = VSL/VCL ×100), STR (straightness = VSL/VAP ×100), ALH (amplitude of lateral head displacement, µm), and BCF (beat-cross frequency, Hz). All parameters were recorded under identical settings (frame rate = 60 Hz, calibration = 0.627 µm/pixel, tracking >= 60 frames). Abbreviations: C, Control; I, Inactive; EX, Exercise recovery.