松叶蜂性信息素鉴定合成和应用技术

靖远松叶蜂是上世纪90年代起在我国甘肃和山西省油松上暴发成灾的一种膜翅目食叶害虫。该项目在对靖远松叶蜂的生物学特性和交配行为研究的基础上，野外验证了靖远松叶蜂雌蜂性信息素的释放特征和规律，进行了性信息素的室内活性测定，研究了信息素的提取方法。明确了雄蜂对处女雌蜂的昼夜反应节律 雄蜂对不同日龄处女雌蜂的林间反应规律和作用距离等。 应用气相色谱与质谱联用技术（GC-MS），结合气相色谱与触角点位联用（GC-EAD）技术，通过大量野外试验，鉴定该虫性信息素的主要成分为3，7-二甲基-2-十三碳醇丙酸酯，证明在其所有八种异构体中2S-3R-7R和2S-3R-7S两种异构体为性信息素的活性成分。 运用不同合成方法和路线合成了靖远松叶蜂性信息素，发展了松叶蜂性信息素的新颖不对称全合成方法，该方法于2005年获得1项专利（专利号：ZL 03 1 45033.4） 组织实施了松叶蜂性信息素的48种相关异构体95%以上的高纯度全合成及靖远松叶峰性信息素应用型大量合成 产品在林间取得了良好效果。最佳路线平均每诱芯合成成本仅为国外购买成本1/5-1/10。 研究得到林间监测最佳剂量为每诱芯1毫克，诱捕距离可达2000m，而诱芯可缓释持效达3个月，每诱捕器诱集数量高峰期可达300头/天。防治剂量为每诱芯2毫克，大量引诱每50米一个诱捕器 迷向防治每10米设置一个诱芯。研究明确了诱捕量与诱芯设置高度、方位和信息素用量等，筛选出最佳的监测和防治诱捕器，建立了信息素监测和防治的技术规程，研制了比国外更简便经济的监测方法，建立了监测模型和基于地理信息系统的信息素监测计算机管理系统，利用该系统技术成功地进行了靖远松叶蜂发生期和发生量监测。研究明确了利用靖远松叶蜂性信息进行大量引诱和迷向防治都能明显降低虫口密度，在一定的虫口密度水平下，能有效地控制该害虫。 利用性信息素对发生面积广、山高坡陡的林区害虫进行监测和防治具有成本低， 迅速、简便和无污染、不杀伤天敌，害虫不产生抗性等特点，社会及环境效益十分显著。该项目的技术在国家、省，市、县、林场不同层次进行了广泛地推广应用，重点在山西省和甘肃省松林对靖远松叶蜂进行了全面的监测和防治技术应用，还采用合成的松叶蜂信息素对全国其他地区松叶蜂性信息素进行了初步筛选。

Diprion jingyuanensis is a hymenopteran defoliator that has caused widespread outbreaks on Pinus tabuliformis (Chinese red pine) in Gansu and Shanxi provinces of China since the 1990s. Based on studies on the biological characteristics and mating behavior of D. jingyuanensis, this project validated the release characteristics and patterns of sex pheromones from female wasps via field trials, conducted indoor bioassays for the activity of the sex pheromones, and investigated the extraction methods of the pheromones. Additionally, the diurnal response rhythm of male wasps to virgin females, the field response patterns of males to virgin females of different ages, and the effective trapping distance of the pheromone lure were clarified.

Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) technologies, and through extensive field trials, the major component of the sex pheromone of this pest was identified as 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecyl propionate. It was confirmed that among all eight of its stereoisomers, the 2S-3R-7R and 2S-3R-7S isomers are the active components of the sex pheromone.

Various synthetic methods and routes were employed to synthesize the sex pheromone of D. jingyuanensis, and a novel asymmetric total synthesis method for sawfly sex pheromones was developed. This method was granted a patent in 2005 (Patent No. ZL 03 1 45033.4). The project also carried out the high-purity (over 95%) total synthesis of 48 related isomers of sawfly sex pheromones and large-scale scalable synthesis of the applied sex pheromone of D. jingyuanensis. The products exhibited excellent field performance. The average synthesis cost of the optimal route per lure was only 1/5 to 1/10 of the cost of purchasing lures from abroad.

Studies determined that the optimal dosage for field monitoring was 1 mg per lure, with a trapping distance of up to 2000 m, and the lures could sustain slow release for up to 3 months. The peak daily trapping count per trap could reach 300 individuals. For control purposes, the dosage was 2 mg per lure: for mass trapping, one trap was set every 50 meters, while for mating disruption, one lure was deployed every 10 meters. The relationship between trapping count and factors such as the installation height, orientation, and pheromone dosage of lures was clarified. The optimal monitoring and control traps were screened out, and technical guidelines for pheromone-based monitoring and control were established. A simpler and more economical monitoring method than foreign counterparts was developed, and a monitoring model and a geographic information system (GIS)-based computer management system for pheromone monitoring were established. This system was successfully used to monitor the occurrence period and population size of D. jingyuanensis.

Using sex pheromones for monitoring and control of forest pests in areas with large infestation scales and steep mountainous terrain features low cost, rapidity, simplicity, no pollution, no harm to natural enemies, and no development of pest resistance, leading to significant social and environmental benefits. The technologies developed in this project were widely promoted and applied at national, provincial, municipal, county, and forest farm levels. Comprehensive monitoring and control technologies for D. jingyuanensis were applied to pine forests in Shanxi and Gansu provinces as key regions, and the synthesized sawfly sex pheromones were also used for preliminary screening of sex pheromones of sawfly species in other regions of China.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦于靖远松叶蜂性信息素的鉴定、合成与应用技术研究，通过气相色谱与质谱联用技术确定了性信息素的主要活性成分，并开发了高效的全合成方法。研究成果包括建立了监测和防治技术规程，实现了低成本、无污染的害虫控制，并在多个地区进行了推广应用。