Supplementary Information Files for An advanced empirical model for quantifying the impact of heat and climate change on human physical work capacity

Supplementary Information Files for An advanced empirical model for quantifying the impact of heat and climate change on human physical work capacityOccupational heat stress directly hampers physical work capacity (PWC), with large economic consequences for industries and regions vulnerable to global warming. Accurately quantifying PWC is essential for forecasting impacts of different climate change scenarios, but the current state of knowledge is limited, leading to potential underestimations in mild heat, and overestimations in extreme heat. We therefore developed advanced empirical equations for PWC based on 338 work sessions in climatic chambers (low air movement, no solar radiation) spanning mild to extreme heat stress. Equations for PWC are available based on air temperature and humidity, for a suite of heat stress assessment metrics, and mean skin temperature. Our models are highly sensitive to mild heat and to our knowledge are the first to include empirical data across the full range of warm and hot environments possible with future climate change across the world. Using wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) as an example, we noted 10% reductions in PWC at mild heat stress (WBGT = 18°C) and reductions of 78% in the most extreme conditions (WBGT = 40°C). Of the different heat stress indices available, the heat index was the best predictor of group level PWC (R2 = 0.96) but can only be applied in shaded conditions. The skin temperature, but not internal/core temperature, was a strong predictor of PWC (R2 = 0.88), thermal sensation (R2 = 0.84), and thermal comfort (R2 = 0.73). The models presented apply to occupational workloads and can be used in climate projection models to predict economic and social consequences of climate change.

补充信息文件：用于量化热量与气候变化对人类体力工作能力影响的先进实证模型职业热应激会直接损害体力工作能力（PWC），对易受全球变暖影响的行业和地区带来巨大的经济损失。准确量化PWC对于预测不同气候变化情景的影响至关重要，但当前的知识水平有限，可能导致对温和热浪的低估以及对极端热浪的高估。因此，我们基于在气候室（低空气流动，无太阳辐射）中进行的338个工作节次（从温和到极端热应激）开发了先进的PWC实证方程。基于空气温度和湿度，以及一系列热应激评估指标和平均皮肤温度，提供了PWC方程。我们的模型对温和热应激高度敏感，据我们所知，是首次在可能的温暖和炎热环境中包含未来全球气候变化的全范围经验数据。以湿球黑球温度（WBGT）为例，我们在温和热应激（WBGT = 18°C）下观察到体力工作能力降低了10%，而在最极端条件下（WBGT = 40°C）降低了78%。在可用的不同热应激指数中，热指数是预测群体水平PWC（R2 = 0.96）的最佳指标，但只能在遮蔽条件下应用。皮肤温度（而非核心内部温度）是预测PWC（R2 = 0.88）、热感觉（R2 = 0.84）和热舒适度（R2 = 0.73）的强指标。所提出的模型适用于职业工作量，可用于气候预测模型中预测气候变化的经济学和社会影响。