Magnetic and reusable Fe3O4/PPE-2 functional material for efficient photodegradation of organic dye

In this study, we report the synthesis and detailed evaluation of a reusable magnetite/anion exchanger (Fe₃O₄/PPE-2) functional material for its photocatalytic performance in degrading Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous environments. Our research introduces a novel and efficient hydrothermal synthesis method that enables precise control over the crystallinity, size, and shape of Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals, which, as demonstrated, significantly influence its photocatalytic activity. The material achieved a remarkable RhB photodegradation efficiency of 98.2% after 160 minutes of light irradiation, a substantial improvement compared to the individual components. Notably, the composite exhibited excellent stability and reusability, maintaining high photocatalytic activity over ten consecutive cycles with minimal performance loss. To further elucidate the degradation mechanism, we conducted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) studies alongside molecular dynamics simulations, which confirmed the role of photogenerated radical species in breaking down Rhodamine B dye into CO₂ and H₂O. The integration of Fe₃O₄ with the PPE-2 anion exchange material provided a large specific surface area, enhanced active sites, and an effective charge transfer pathway, significantly contributing to the material's improved photocatalytic efficiency. This work offers a straightforward and scalable route for developing magnetic, reusable materials with enhanced photocatalytic activity, holding great potential for sustainable water treatment technologies.