A revised phylogeny of Boletaceae using whole genome sequences

The porcini mushroom family Boletaceae is a diverse, widespread group of
ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom-forming fungi that so far has eluded
intrafamilial phylogenetic resolution based on morphology and multi-locus
datasets. In this study, we present a genome-wide molecular dataset of
1764 single-copy gene families from a global sampling of 418 Boletaceae
specimens. The resulting phylogenetic analysis has strong statistical
support for most branches of the tree, including the first statistically
robust backbone. The enigmatic Phylloboletellus chloephorus from non-ECM
Argentinian subtropical forests was recovered as a new subfamily sister to
the core Boletaceae. Time-calibrated branch lengths estimate that the
family first arose in the early- to mid-Cretaceous and underwent a rapid
radiation in the Eocene, possibly when the ECM nutritional mode arose with
the emergence and diversification of ECM angiosperms. Biogeographic
reconstructions reveal a complex history of vicariance and episodic
long-distance dispersal correlated with historical geologic events,
including Gondwanan origins and inferred vicariance associated with its
disarticulation. Together, this study represents the most comprehensively
sampled, data-rich molecular phylogeny of the Boletaceae to date,
establishing a foundation for future robust inferences of biogeography in
the group.