Genetic Diversity of Antibacterial Resistant Bacterial strains from Industrial Effluents in Nairobi County, Kenya.

Antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) in addition to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) exist in a variety of environmental sources, including industrial waste waters. Antimicrobial resistance genes and profiles of bacteria isolated from industrial effluents were investigated in this study. Identification was performed using API® 20E identification kit. Disc diffusion technique was used to ascertain antibiotic susceptibility profiles of isolated bacteria, where classes of antibiotics used included: penicillin, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. Multiplex PCR was used to detection of genes that encoded antibiotic resistance. Five bacterial species; Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Bacilli were isolated. Escherichia coli Was resistant to penicillin (100%), moderate resistance to sulfonamides and tetracycline (33.3%). Klebsiella isolates showed strong resistance to sulfonamides (80%) and penicillin (100%). Bacilli exhibited high level of resistance to sulfonamides and penicillin (100%) with lower of resistance toward aminoglycosides (28.57%). Pseudomonas strains demonstrated total resistance to tetracycline, sulfonamides, and penicillin. Aeromonas isolates did not show any resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, or carbapenems, they showed resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamides and cephalosporins. Molecular screening revealed presence of blaTEM, blaOXA, blaKPN, blaParC, blaNDM genes. Genes sequences aligned portrayed 80% and above relatedness indicating significant relatedness. The results highlighted the critical need for ongoing AMR surveillance, both in the environment and clinical settings where antibiotic abuse hastens development of resistance. The study also emphasizes how critical it is to create new therapeutic approaches to fight MDR pathogens, particularly given rising incidence of strains that are resistant to carbapenem.