Design and modification of metal sulfide-based catalysts for lithium-sulfur batteries

Metal sulfide (MS) have good conductivity, strong adsorption ability, and excellent catalytic activity for the conversion of sulfur species, and thus, show great promise as the catalysts in Li–S batteries. However, the relationship between their properties and electrochemical performance is still unclear. Thus, further in-depth discussions are required to improve their design in Li–S batteries. This review systematically summarizes the basic structural and electrochemical properties of MSs and highlights the advantages that guarantee them as high-performance catalysts in Li–S batteries. Then, various modification strategies for MSs to enhance the catalytic activity, efficiency, and stability are also reviewed. At last, future opportunities for MS catalysts in Li–S batteries are proposed.