iTRAQ-Based Proteomic Profiling of the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite in Response to the Antifouling Compound Meleagrin

Marine
biofouling refers to the unwanted accumulation of fouling organisms,
such as barnacles, on artificial surfaces, resulting in severe consequences
for marine industries. Meleagrin is a potential nontoxic antifoulant
that is isolated from the fungus Penicillium sp.;
however, its mechanistic effect mode of action on larval settlement
remains unknown. Here, we applied iTRAQ coupled with 2D LC–MS/MS
proteomic analysis to investigate the effect of meleagrin on the proteomic
expression profile of cyprid development and aging in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Fifty
proteins were differentially expressed in response to treatment with
meleagrin, among which 26 proteins were associated with cyprid development/aging
and 24 were specifically associated with the meleagrin treatment.
The 66 proteins that were associated with aging only remained unaltered
during exposure to meleagrin. Using KEGG analysis, those proteins
were assigned to several groups, including metabolic pathways, ECM–receptor
interactions, and the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Among
the 24 proteins that were not related to the development/aging process,
expression of the cyprid major protein (CMP), a vitellogenin-like
protein, increased after the meleagrin treatment, which suggested
that meleagrin might affect the endocrine system and prevent the larval
molting cycle. With the exception of the chitin binding protein that
mediates the molting process and ATPase-mediated energy processes,
the majority of proteins with significant effects in previous studies
in response to cyprid treatment with butenolide and polyether B remained
unchanged in the present study, suggesting that meleagrin may exhibit
a different mechanism.

海洋生物污损指的是污损生物，如藤壶，在人工表面上的非意愿累积，这对海洋产业造成了严重影响。美拉格林是一种潜在的无毒防污剂，它来源于青霉菌属（Penicillium sp.）；然而，其对幼虫定居的机制作用尚不明确。在本研究中，我们应用了iTRAQ结合二维液相色谱-串联质谱（2D LC-MS/MS）蛋白质组学分析，以探究美拉格林对藤壶 Balanus amphitrite 幼虫发育和衰老的蛋白质表达谱的影响。在美拉格林处理下，有50种蛋白质的表达发生了差异，其中26种蛋白质与幼虫的发育/衰老相关，而24种则特异性地与美拉格林处理相关。与衰老相关的66种蛋白质在接触美拉格林时保持未变。通过KEGG分析，这些蛋白质被分配到多个组别，包括代谢途径、细胞外基质-受体相互作用和细胞骨架肌动蛋白的调控。在24种与发育/衰老过程无关的蛋白质中，幼虫主要蛋白（CMP），一种类似卵黄蛋白的蛋白质，在美拉格林处理后表达增加，这表明美拉格林可能影响内分泌系统并阻止幼虫蜕皮周期。除了介导蜕皮过程的几丁质结合蛋白和ATP酶介导的能量过程外，在先前研究中对幼虫使用丁内酯和聚醚B处理时具有显著效果的蛋白质，在本研究中大部分保持不变，这表明美拉格林可能具有不同的作用机制。