Characterisation and comparative analysis of camel and bovine milk exosomal miRNAs

This study aimed to identify and characterize camel and bovine milk miRNAs using Illumina 6000 sequencing. The analysis of miRNAs in camel milk revealed 6,561 known miRNAs and 86 novel miRNAs, while those in bovine milk included 8,675 known miRNAs and 229 novel miRNAs. GO analysis indicated that miRNAs in camel milk and bovine milk exosomes are involved in membrane fusion, transport, material synthesis, and transportation. Additionally, miRNAs in camel milk exosomes are associated with cell formation, metastasis, and the hypoxia response, whereas those in bovine milk exosomes relate to regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and senescence. Pathway analysis showed that miRNAs from camel and bovine milk enriched the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, potentially involving miR-185-5p, miR-185, miR-11996, miR-16-5p, miR-16, and other genes related to diabetes. This study offers valuable insights into the physiological roles of mammalian milk miRNAs and lays a foundation for further exploration of diabetes-related miRNAs.