ISSM-SLPS: geodetically compliant Sea-Level Projection System for the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model v4.17

Understanding future impacts of sea-level rise at the local level is important for mitigating its effects. In particular, quantifying the range of sea-level rise outcomes in a probabilistic way enables coastal planners to better adapt strategies, depending on cost, timing and risk tolerance. For a time horizon of 100 years, frameworks have been developed that provide such projections by relying on 5 sea-level fingerprints where contributions from different processes are sampled at each individual time step and summed up to create probability distributions of sea-level rise for each desired location. While advantageous, this method does not readily allow for including new physics developed in forward models of each component. For example, couplings and feedbacks between ice sheets, ocean circulation, and solid-Earth uplift cannot easily be represented in such frameworks. Indeed, the main impediment to inclusion of more forward model physics in probabilistic sea-level frameworks is the avail10 ability of dynamically computed sea-level fingerprints that can be directly linked to local mass changes. Here, we demonstrate such an approach within the Ice-Sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM), where we develop a probabilistic framework that can readily be coupled to forward process models such as those for ice sheets, glacial-isostatic adjustment , hydrology and ocean circulation, among others. Through large scale uncertainty quantification, we demonstrate how this approach enables inclusion of incremental improvements in all forward models and provides fidelity to time-correlated processes. The projection 15 system may readily process input and output quantities that are geodetically consistent with space and terrestrial measurement systems. The approach can also account for numerous improvements in our understanding of sea-level processes.