Terahertz-triggered ultrafast nonlinear optical activities in two-dimensional centrosymmetric PtSe₂

The nonlinear mechanisms of polarization and optical fields can induce extensive responses in materials. In this study, we report on two kinds of nonlinear mechanisms in the topological semimetal PtSe₂ crystal under the excitation of intense terahertz pulses, which are manipulated by the real and imaginary parts of the nonlinear susceptibility of PtSe₂. Regarding the real part, the broken inversion symmetry of PtSe₂ is achieved through terahertz electric field polarization approach, which is characterized by second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. The transient terahertz-laser-induced SHG signal occurs within 100 fs and recombines to the equilibrium state within 1 ps, along with a high signal-to-noise ratio (~51 dB) and a high on/off ratio (~10²). Regarding the imaginary part, a nonlinear absorption change can be generated in the media. We reveal a terahertz-induced absorption enhancement in PtSe₂ via nonlinear transmittance measurements, and the sheet conductivity can be modulated up to 42% by terahertz electric fields in our experiment. Therefore, the terahertz-induced ultrafast nonlinear photoresponse reveals the application potential of PtSe₂ in photonic and optoelectronic devices in terahertz technology.