Summary of comparisons in non-word repetition (NWR) between adults varying in their level of literacy and/or schooling.

Studies are designated by the last name of the first author (dSL = de Santos Loureiro) and the publication year regardless of how many authors there are, with rows sorted by the paper’s year of publication. Language indicates the participants’ native language(s); Br. indicates data collected in Brasil rather than Portugal. In Group, we use the terminology of each paper to identify each of the tested group (see footnote 1 for details). n indicates the number of included participants. Age indicates average age (SD) [age range], in years. NWR score (in percent) indicates the overall score collapsing across all non-words, except for Kolinsky 2018 and dSL 2004, where we averaged NWR scores across non-word length means. dSL 2004’s controls were only tested with long non-words.