The movement trajectories of the tadpoles

After 15 days of paraquat exposure, tadpoles from each treatment group were subjected to an open-field test to quantify their movement trajectories. For each trial, a single tadpole was transferred from its respective treatment group to an empty container filled with 3 liters of water. After a 3-minute acclimation period, its movements were recorded for 3 minutes. 18 tadpoles were randomly selected from each treatment group (six tadpoles per container), resulting in 90 individual movement recordings. Video recordings were conducted using a Sony camera. The recorded videos were processed to generate frames at two-second intervals. These processed videos were then imported into the AnimalTracker software to generate the movement trajectories of the tadpoles [37]. The coordinate data for each frame were exported to calculate the swimming trajectories and movement speeds of the tadpoles