Living England Habitat Map (Phase 4)

The Living England project, led by Natural England, is a multi-year programme delivering a satellite-derived national habitat layer in support of the Environmental Land Management (ELM) System and the Natural Capital and Ecosystem Assessment (NCEA) Pilot. The project uses a machine learning approach to image classification, developed under the Defra Living Maps project (SD1705 – Kilcoyne et al., 2017). The method first clusters homogeneous areas of habitat into segments, then assigns each segment to a defined list of habitat classes using Random Forest (a machine learning algorithm). The habitat probability map displays modelled likely broad habitat classifications, trained on field surveys and earth observation data from 2021 as well as historic data layers. This map is an output from Phase IV of the Living England project, with future work in Phase V (2022-23) intending to standardise the methodology and Phase VI (2023-24) to implement the agreed standardised methods.

The Living England habitat probability map will provide high-accuracy, spatially consistent data for a range of Defra policy delivery needs (e.g. 25YEP indicators and Environment Bill target reporting Natural capital accounting, Nature Strategy, ELM) as well as external users. As a probability map, it allows the extrapolation of data to areas that we do not have data. These data will also support better local and national decision making, policy development and evaluation, especially in areas where other forms of evidence are unavailable.

Process Description: A number of data layers are used to inform the model to provide a habitat probability map of England. The main sources layers are Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 satellite data from the ESA Copericus programme. Additional datasets were incorporated into the model (as detailed below) to aid the segmentation and classification of specific habitat classes.

Datasets used:
Agri-Environment Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) Monitoring, British Geological Survey Bedrock Mapping 1:50k, Coastal Dune Geomatics Mapping Ground Truthing, Crop Map of England (RPA), Dark Peak Bog State Survey, Desktop Validation and Manual Points, EA Integrated Height Model 10m, EA Saltmarsh Zonation and Extent, Field Unit NEFU, Living England Collector App NEFU/EES, Long Term Monitoring Network (LTMN), Lowland Heathland Survey, National Forest Inventory (NFI), National Grassland Survey, National Plant Monitoring Scheme, NEFU Surveys, Northumberland Border Mires, OS Vector Map District , Priority Habitats Inventory (PHI) B Button, European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 , Space2 Eye Lens: Ainsdale NNR, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog Bowland Survey, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog Dark Peak Condition Survey, Space2 Eye Lens: State of the Bog (MMU) Mountain Hare Habitat Survey Dark Peak, Uplands Inventory, West Pennines Designation NVC Survey, Wetland Inventories, WorldClim - Global Climate Data Attribution statement: "Contains data supplied by ©Natural England ©Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural England Licence No. 2011/052 British Geological Survey © NERC. All rights reserved., © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2015. All rights reserved. ©Natural England © Crown copyright and database right [2014], © Rural Payments Agency, © Natural England © 1995–2020 Esri, Contains Environment Agency information © Environment Agency and/or database rights. Some information used in this product is © Bluesky International Ltd/Getmapping PLC. Contains freely available data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; British Antarctic Survey; British Geological Survey). Contains OS data © Crown copyright [and database right] (2014), © Environment Agency copyright and/or database right 2015. All rights reserved., Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics, USDA FSA, USGS, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, and the GIS User Community, Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2021., EODS / CEDA ARD: ESA Copernicus: 'Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data [2021]', © Carlos Bedson Manchester Metropolitan University, © Copyright 2020, worldclim.org"

Fick, S.E. and R.J. Hijmans, 2017. WorldClim 2: new 1km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 37 (12): 4302-4315.

Pescott, O.L.; Walker, K.J.; Day, J.; Harris, F.; Roy, D.B. (2020). National Plant Monitoring Scheme survey data (2015-2019). NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/cdb8707c-eed7-4da7-8fa3-299c65124ef2 © UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology © Joint Nature Conservation Committee © Plantlife © Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland The following acknowledgement is required for use of this dataset: The National Plant Monitoring Scheme (NPMS) is organised and funded by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Plantlife and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. The NPMS is indebted to all volunteers who contribute data to the scheme.

由英国自然英格兰主导的《生机勃勃的英格兰》项目，是一项为期多年的计划，旨在通过卫星数据生成国家栖息地层，以支持环境土地管理系统（ELM）和自然资本与生态系统评估（NCEA）试点项目。该项目采用了一种在环境、食品和农村事务部（Defra）的《生机勃勃的地图》项目中开发出的机器学习图像分类方法（Kilcoyne 等人，2017年，SD1705）。该方法首先将同质栖息地区域聚类为多个段，然后利用随机森林（一种机器学习算法）将每个段分配到预定义的栖息地类别列表中。栖息地概率图展示了基于2021年的实地调查和地球观测数据以及历史数据层训练的模型预测的可能广泛栖息地分类。该图是《生机勃勃的英格兰》项目第四阶段（IV）的输出，未来第五阶段（2022-23年）的工作计划旨在标准化方法，第六阶段（2023-24年）则将实施达成共识的标准化方法。

《生机勃勃的英格兰》栖息地概率图将为英国提供高精度、空间一致的数据，以满足环境、食品和农村事务部（Defra）多项政策执行需求（例如25年环境计划指标和《环境法案》目标报告、自然资本核算、自然战略、ELM）以及外部用户的需求。作为概率图，它允许将数据外推至我们目前没有数据的区域。这些数据还将支持地方和全国范围内的决策、政策制定和评估，特别是在其他证据形式不可用的领域。

过程描述：该项目使用多个数据层来指导模型生成英格兰的栖息地概率图。主要数据源为欧洲空间局（ESA）哥白尼计划下的哨兵-2和哨兵-1卫星数据。此外，还纳入了以下详细说明的附加数据集，以帮助特定栖息地类别的分割和分类。

使用的数据集：
- 农业环境高级管理（HLS）监测
- 英国地质调查床岩测绘1:50k
- 海岸沙丘测绘地面真值
- 英格兰作物图（RPA）
- 暗峰泥炭地状态调查
- 桌面验证和手动点
- 环境署综合高程模型10m
- 环境署盐沼带状分布和范围
- 地方单位NEFU
- 《生机勃勃的英格兰》收集器应用NEFU/EES
- 长期监测网络（LTMN）
- 低地荒野调查
- 国家森林清单（NFI）
- 国家草地调查
- 国家植物监测计划
- NEFU调查
- 诺森伯兰边界泥炭地
- 大比例尺矢量地图
- 优先栖息地清单（PHI）B Button
- 欧洲空间局（ESA）哨兵-1和哨兵-2
- Space2 Eye Lens：艾因斯代尔NR
- Space2 Eye Lens：博兰德泥炭地状态调查
- Space2 Eye Lens：博兰德泥炭地状况调查
- Space2 Eye Lens：博兰德泥炭地（MMU）山兔栖息地调查暗峰
- 高地清单
- 西彭尼恩斯指定NVC调查
- 湿地清单
- WorldClim - 全球气候数据

版权声明：包含由©英国自然英格兰、©生态水文中心、©英国地质调查局提供的数据。所有权利保留。©环境署版权和/或数据库权利2015。所有权利保留。©英国自然英格兰、©皇家版权和数据库权利[2014]，©农村支付署，©英国自然英格兰©1995–2020 Esri，包含环境署信息©环境署和/或数据库权利。本产品中使用的一些信息由©Bluesky国际有限公司/Getmapping PLC提供。包含由自然环境和研究委员会（生态水文中心；英国南极调查局；英国地质调查局）提供的免费数据。包含由皇家版权和数据库权利[2014]和©环境署版权和/或数据库权利2015保留的所有权利的Ordnance Survey数据。Esri、Maxar、Earthstar Geographics、USDA FSA、USGS、Aerogrid、IGN、IGP和GIS用户社区提供。包含由皇家版权和数据库权利2021保留的Ordnance Survey数据。EODS / CEDA ARD：ESA哥白尼：'包含修改后的哥白尼哨兵数据[2021]'，©Carlos Bedson 曼彻斯特城市大学，©版权2020，worldclim.org"

Fick, S.E. 和 R.J. Hijmans, 2017. WorldClim 2：针对全球陆地区域的新1公里空间分辨率气候表面。国际气候学杂志37（12）：4302-4315。

Pescott, O.L.；Walker, K.J.；Day, J.；Harris, F.；Roy, D.B.（2020）。国家植物监测计划调查数据（2015-2019）。NERC环境信息数据中心。https://doi.org/10.5285/cdb8707c-eed7-4da7-8fa3-299c65124ef2 ©英国生态水文中心、©联合自然保护委员会、©Plantlife、©英国植物学会。使用此数据集时，需遵守以下致谢：国家植物监测计划（NPMS）由英国生态水文中心、英国植物学会、Plantlife和联合自然保护委员会组织并资助。NPMS对为该计划提供数据的所有志愿者表示感谢。