Cardiac development and function in embryonic sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) following oil exposure

Sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus, were exposed to control, low oil (150 µg/L tPAH), or high oil (300 µg/L tPAH) throughout the embryonic stage. Exposure solutions were refreshed every 24 hours. At four days post-fertilization (just before hatch), embryos were imaged and scored for evidence of cardiotoxic phenotypes (pericardial edema), as well as calculation of cardiac output through heart rate observation and quantification of ventricular stroke volume. qPCR analysis was performed following imaging for expression of cyp1a to verify exposures to PAHs.