Manure application methods for alfalfa-grass

The MAMA experiment (Manure Application Methods for Alfalfa-Grass) was designed to evaluate nutrient and pathogen losses with conventional and improved liquid dairy manure management practices for alfalfa-grass production. Observations from MAMA have also been used for parameterization and validation of computer simulation models of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms (Gaillard et al., in preparation). The experiment included five treatments: shallow injection of manure, aerator/banded manure (subsurface deposition), banded manure (trailing foot application), broadcast manure, and no manure (i.e. control). The five treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. This experiment was performed as part of the Dairy CAP, described below.
The experiment was conducted at the Marshfield Research Station of the University of Wisconsin and the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in Marshfield, WI (Wood County, Latitude 44.641445, Longitude -90.133526). Soils at the research station are from the Withee soil series, fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Glossudalf, with 2% slope. Each of the fifteen experimental plots was approximately 7.3 x 12.8 meters, oriented across slope. A weather station was at the south edge of the research field and centered east-west. A weather station for snow data was located 420 meters south of the field.
The experiment was initiated on May 16, 2013 by planting alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on plots that were in a corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) rotation during the previous five years. All plots were planted with cultivar "Nexgrow-6422Q 19," using a 10-foot Brillion forage seeder. Planting rate was 19 kg seed per hectare. Alfalfa forage was harvested by cutting at 3 inches (~8 cm) height. Alfalfa was harvested once in 2013, three times in 2014 and 2015, and four times in 2016. Forage characteristics were measured at the University of Wisconsin Soil and Forage Lab in Marshfield (total P and total K) and at the Marshfield ARS (dry matter, total N and total C)
The manure applied in this experiment was from the dairy herd at the Marshfield Research Station. Cows were fed a diet of 48% dry matter, 17.45% protein, and 72.8% total digestible nutrients. Liquid slurry manure, including feces, urine, and bedding, was collected and stored in a lagoon on the site. Manure was withdrawn from the lagoon, spread on the plots and sampled for analysis all on the same day, once per year shortly after an alfalfa harvest. Manure samples were analyzed at the University of Wisconsin Soil and Forage Lab in Marshfield (NH4-N, total P and total K) and at the Marshfield ARS (pH, dry matter, volatile solids, total N and total C).
GHG fluxes from soil (CO2, CH4, N2O) were measured using static chambers as described in Parkin and Venterea (2010). In addition, ammonia fluxes (NH3) from soil were measured using a dynamic chamber method (Svensson, 1994; Misselbrook and Hansen, 2001). Additional soil chemical and physical characteristics were measured as noted in the data dictionary and other metadata of the MAMA data set, included here.
This experiment was part of “Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Dairy Production Systems of the Great Lakes Region,” also known as the Dairy Coordinated Agricultural Project (Dairy CAP), funded by the United States Department of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture (award number 2013-68002-20525). The main goal of the Dairy CAP was to improve understanding of the magnitudes and controlling factors over GHG emissions from dairy production in the Great Lakes region. Using this knowledge, the Dairy CAP has improved life cycle analysis (LCA) of GHG production by Great Lakes dairy farms, developing farm management tools, and conducting extension, education and outreach activities.
Resources in this dataset:Resource Title: Data_Dictionary_DairyCAP_MAMA. File Name: Data_dictionary_DairyCAP_MAMA.xlsxResource Description: This is the data dictionary for the DairyCAP_MAMA experiment, which was conducted at the USDA-ARS research station in Marshfield, WI.Resource Software Recommended: Microsoft Excel 2016,url: https://products.office.com/en-us/excel Resource Title: Data dictionary DairyCAP MAMA. File Name: Data_Dictionary_DairyCAP_MAMA.csvResource Description: This is the data dictionary for the DairyCAP_MAMA dataset.Resource Software Recommended: Microsoft Excel 2016,url: https://products.office.com/en-us/excel Resource Title: DairyCAP_MAMA. File Name: DairyCAP_MAMA.xlsxResource Description: Data from Manure Application Methods for Alfalfa-grass (MAMA) experiment at the USDA-ARS research station in Marshfield, WI.Resource Software Recommended: Microsoft Excel 2016,url: https://products.office.com/en-us/excel

MAMA实验（苜蓿-草地施肥方法）旨在评估传统及改进型液体奶牛粪便管理实践在苜蓿-草地生产过程中对营养和病原体损失的影响。MAMA实验的观测数据亦被用于温室气体（GHG）排放计算机模拟模型（Gaillard等人，筹备中）的参数化和验证。实验包括五种处理方式：粪便浅层注射、气泵/带状粪便（地下沉积）、带状粪便（拖尾施肥）、撒播粪便以及无粪便（即对照组）。五种处理方式在随机完全区组设计中重复了三次。该实验作为Dairy CAP（以下简称“乳制品气候适应性项目”）的一部分得以实施。

实验在威斯康星大学Marshfield研究站以及美国农业部农业研究服务局（ARS）的Marshfield，WI（伍德县，纬度44.641445，经度-90.133526）进行。研究站的土壤属于Withee土系，为细砂质、混合型、超级活性、寒冷的Aquic Glossudalf，坡度为2%。每个实验小区约为7.3 x 12.8米，沿坡向排列。气象站位于研究田地的南部边缘，位于东西方向中央。雪数据气象站位于田地南部420米处。

实验于2013年5月16日开始，在先前五年内进行玉米（Zea mays）和黄豆（Glycine max）轮作的田地上种植苜蓿（Medicago sativa）。所有小区均种植品种“Nexgrow-6422Q 19”，使用10英尺Brillion牧草播种机。播种量为每公顷19公斤种子。苜蓿牧草在3英寸（约8厘米）高度时进行收割。2013年收割一次，2014年和2015年各收割三次，2016年收割四次。牧草特性在威斯康星大学Marshfield土壤和牧草实验室（总磷和总钾）以及Marshfield ARS（干物质、总氮和总碳）进行测量。

实验中使用的粪便来自Marshfield研究站的奶牛群。奶牛的饲料含干物质48%，蛋白质17.45%，总可消化养分72.8%。包括粪便、尿液和垫料在内的液体粪便稀浆被收集并储存在现场的一个围堰中。粪便从围堰中取出，撒在田地上，并在每年苜蓿收割后不久的同一日进行采样分析，每年一次。粪便样本在Marshfield威斯康星大学土壤和牧草实验室（NH4-N、总磷和总钾）以及Marshfield ARS（pH值、干物质、挥发性固体、总氮和总碳）进行分析。

土壤中的GHG通量（CO2、CH4、N2O）采用静态室法进行测量，如Parkin和Venterea（2010）所述。此外，使用动态室法（Svensson，1994；Misselbrook和Hansen，2001）测量土壤中的氨通量（NH3）。根据数据字典和其他MAMA数据集元数据中所述，测量了额外的土壤化学和物理特性。

该实验是“大湖地区乳制品生产系统中气候变化缓解与适应”项目的一部分，也称为乳制品协调农业项目（Dairy CAP），由美国农业部国家食品和农业研究所资助（资助编号2013-68002-20525）。Dairy CAP的主要目标是提高对大湖地区乳制品生产中GHG排放量及其控制因素的认知。利用这些知识，Dairy CAP改进了大湖地区乳制品农场GHG生产生命周期分析（LCA），开发了农场管理工具，并开展了扩展、教育和宣传活动。

本数据集包含以下资源：
资源标题：数据字典_DairyCAP_MAMA
文件名：Data_dictionary_DairyCAP_MAMA.xlsx
资源描述：这是DairyCAP_MAMA实验的数据字典，该实验在美国农业部ARS Marshfield，WI研究站进行。
推荐软件：Microsoft Excel 2016
URL：https://products.office.com/en-us/excel
资源标题：数据字典 DairyCAP MAMA
文件名：Data_Dictionary_DairyCAP_MAMA.csv
资源描述：这是DairyCAP_MAMA数据集的数据字典。
推荐软件：Microsoft Excel 2016
URL：https://products.office.com/en-us/excel
资源标题：DairyCAP_MAMA
文件名：DairyCAP_MAMA.xlsx
资源描述：来自美国农业部ARS Marshfield，WI研究站进行的牧草应用方法（MAMA）实验的数据。
推荐软件：Microsoft Excel 2016
URL：https://products.office.com/en-us/excel