Edge effects reduce persistence but not colonization in a declining <em>Setophaga virens</em> (Black-throated Green Warbler) population in Alberta's boreal forest

Setophaga virens (Black-throated Green Warbler) is listed as a species of special concern in Alberta due to perceived population declines and projected future habitat loss from resource extraction. Using dynamic occupancy models over 25 years, we examined how different types of anthropogenic edges drive population dynamics in this interior forest specialist. We observed a 58% decline in occupancy from 1993 to 2018, driven by low colonization rates that failed to compensate for reduced persistence near edges. Sites farther from seismic lines and harvest areas showed markedly higher persistence probabilities, but edge proximity had no effect on colonization probability, suggesting that birds initially settle near edges but subsequently abandon these territories. Contrary to our predictions, regenerating harvest edges showed no mitigation of negative edge effects after 25 years. Site-level analysis revealed dramatic variation in persistence probability across sites, ranging by nearly two orders of magnitude despite similar forest composition, enabling us to identify demographically stable sites concentrated in forest interiors. These findings demonstrate that edge impacts persist through secondary succession and may create population sinks even when suitable forest cover remains. Conservation of this species in northern Alberta will likely require maintaining large areas of older forest distant from anthropogenic edges. Our dynamic occupancy approach provides a framework for identifying priority habitats in fragmented landscapes, applicable to other species facing similar challenges from resource extraction in North America's boreal forests.