Empowering Women in Small-Scale Fisheries for Sustainable Food Systems - Namibia

Abstract
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To support sustainable food systems and nutrition, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) provided funding to FAO to support initial project activities in five countries (Sierra Leone, Malawi, Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania) with a focus on strengthening women's roles in the small-scale fisheries post-harvest sector between 2020-2021. In extension to this project, the FAO Flexible Voluntary Contributions fund (FVC) provided funding from 2021-2023, expanding the project implementation to four more countries (Indonesia, Madagascar, Namibia and the Philippines) for a total of nine countries. In general, the project conducted a baseline survey as well as a needs assessment and mapping of women's organizations. However, for Namibia only a baseline survey was conducted, using three survey instruments to capture information from various stakeholders. They include:

Baseline Individual/Household level Survey: The baseline study conducted for this project included individual intercept surveys targeting women as actors in small-scale fisheries value chains. The purpose of the survey was to understand both the individual respondent (i.e., the woman) and her household's involvement in fisheries, how they acquire and consume fish, their experiences of food security and dietary practices, and participation in fisheries governance and organizations. Approximately 300 women were surveyed per country. This study was conducted for baseline monitoring and evaluation of the FVC project “Implementing the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines for Gender-Equitable and Climate-Resilient Food Systems and Livelihoods” (FMM/GLO/155/MUL).

Baseline Focus group discussions: Focus group discussions were held in each landing site alongside data collection using other survey instruments. The purpose of the focus group discussions was to elicit qualitative data reflecting the opinions of women from the same fish landing sites on key issues affecting their work, status, and roles in the sector. This included their opinions of discrimination or harassment against women, their voice in decision-making and ability to influence fisheries governance, changes in gender relations over time, and their access to training, facilities, and assets needed to conduct their fisheries activities. This study was conducted for baseline monitoring and evaluation of the FVC project “Implementing the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines for Gender-Equitable and Climate-Resilient Food Systems and Livelihoods” (FMM/GLO/155/MUL).

Baseline Key Informant Interviews with Individuals (with policy-level influence in the small-scale fishing sector): The baseline study conducted for this project included key informant interviews with those in policy, programme, or other similar levels of sector influence (e.g., Policy Makers, Government, Projects, Programmes working on social and health interventions in fishing communities). The purpose of the key informant interviews was to understand the opinion of respondents on local diet and eating patterns of the community, women's empowerment, and facilities that serve fish workers. In addition, the questions sought to gain an understanding of what is already known at decision-making levels in regards to the FAO SSF Guidelines and knowledge of fishing community's capacity building needs and how learning and technological change occurs. This study was conducted for baseline monitoring and evaluation of the FVC project “Implementing the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines for Gender-Equitable and Climate-Resilient Food Systems and Livelihoods” (FMM/GLO/155/MUL).

Geographic coverage
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National coverage of coastal areas of high importance to fisheries, including both inland and marine fisheries (where relevant) and both major and minor water bodies. A sample of coastal regions or districts that met these criteria and represented the diversity of fisheries in the country was chosen (non-random sample).

Analysis unit
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Individuals, Households, Focus Groups

Universe
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Individual/Household level: Women who work in small-scale fishing value chains (harvest, post-harvest processing or trade).

Focus groups: Women who work in small-scale fisheries.

Individuals (with policy-level influence in the small-scale fishing sector): Policy-level actors in the fishing sector. This includes government and non-governmental personnel working in fisheries, environment, or gender and development themes that impact fishing communities.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Individual/household level: - Sample size: 300 individuals per country - Selection process: Surveys were conducted as intercept surveys at fish landing sites, markets and within fishing communities. - Stratification: By district and landing site. The target number of surveys per country (300) was divided by the number of landing sites chosen for the study.

Focus groups: - Non-random sample of women chosen opportunistically (based on availability) to participate in a small group, focus group discussions. Typically 2 focus group discussions were held in each district or region where data collection occurred for the larger, baseline assessment of the project. Individuals (with policy-level influence in the small-scale fishing sector):

Survey sampling for key informant interviews was purposive, selecting individuals who were known to be knowledgeable about relevant policy issues impacting fishing communities that were of interest to the project (e.g., nutrition, gender issues, leadership, decision-making). These individuals were identified based on the expert knowledge of the National Project Coordinator with input from the government and influential local leaders. Approximately 10 key informants were surveyed per country, with 1-3 individuals interviewed per district/region.

Sampling deviation
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At the organizational level, the individual groups selected for the survey were not chosen randomly, instead, they were chosen for interviews based on their availability at the time of data collection and ease of contact.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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Individual/Household level: - Questionnaire used: Empowering Women in Small Scale Fisheries for Sustainable Food Systems Individual Questionnaire. - Language: English.
Focus Groups level: - Questionnaire used: Empowering Women in Small Scale Fisheries for Sustainable Food Systems Focus Groups Discussions Questionnaire. - Language: English.
Key Informants Interview: - Questionnaire used: Baseline KII survey - Language: English.

Cleaning operations
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Individual/household level: Data editing took place at two stages: 1. Enumerators visually checked surveys entered before finalizing the survey entry. 2. The consultant analyzing the data for internal reports made visual checks of the data and needed corrections

摘要
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为支持可持续的粮食系统和营养，挪威发展合作署（NORAD）资助联合国粮农组织（FAO），以支持在2020-2021年间五个国家（塞拉利昂、马拉维、加纳、乌干达、坦桑尼亚）开展初步项目活动，重点关注加强女性在小型渔业产后领域的角色。在此基础上，FAO灵活自愿捐助基金（FVC）提供了2021-2023年的资金支持，将项目实施范围扩展至另外四个国家（印度尼西亚、马达加斯加、纳米比亚和菲律宾），共计九个国家。总体而言，该项目进行了基线调查、需求评估和女性组织映射。然而，在纳米比亚仅进行了基线调查，使用三种调查工具收集来自各利益相关者的信息。这些工具包括：
基线个人/家庭层面调查：本项目的基线研究包括针对作为小型渔业价值链参与者的女性进行的拦截式调查。调查的目的在于了解受访个人（即女性）及其家庭在渔业中的参与情况、获取和消费鱼类的途径、其在食品安全和饮食习惯方面的体验，以及参与渔业治理和组织的程度。每个国家约有300名女性接受调查。本研究旨在对FVC项目“实施小型渔业性别平等和气候适应型粮食系统和生计指南”（FMM/GLO/155/MUL）进行基线监测和评估。
基线焦点小组讨论：在每个渔获地使用其他调查工具进行数据收集的同时，进行了焦点小组讨论。焦点小组讨论的目的是收集反映来自同一渔获地女性对影响其工作、地位和角色的关键问题的定性数据。这包括她们对女性遭受歧视或骚扰的看法、在决策中的发言权和影响渔业治理的能力、性别关系随时间的变化，以及她们获取培训、设施和开展渔业活动所需的资产的情况。本研究旨在对FVC项目“实施小型渔业性别平等和气候适应型粮食系统和生计指南”（FMM/GLO/155/MUL）进行基线监测和评估。
基线关键信息提供者访谈：本项目的基线研究包括与在政策、项目或其他类似层面对行业有影响力的个人进行的访谈（例如，政策制定者、政府、在渔业社区开展社会和健康干预措施的项目和计划）。访谈的目的在于了解受访者在地方饮食和饮食习惯、女性赋权以及服务于渔工的设施方面的观点。此外，问题旨在了解在决策层面已经知道关于FAO小型渔业指南的情况，以及了解渔业社区能力建设需求以及学习和技术变革如何发生。本研究旨在对FVC项目“实施小型渔业性别平等和气候适应型粮食系统和生计指南”（FMM/GLO/155/MUL）进行基线监测和评估。
地理覆盖范围
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涵盖对渔业具有重要意义的沿海地区，包括内陆和海洋渔业（如有必要），以及主要和次要水体。选择满足这些标准并代表国家渔业多样性的沿海地区或地区的样本（非随机样本）。
分析单元
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个人、家庭、焦点小组
总体
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个人/家庭层面：在小型渔业价值链中工作（捕捞、产后加工或贸易）的女性。
焦点小组：在小型渔业中工作的女性。
个人（在小型渔业行业具有政策影响力）：渔业领域的政策层行动者。这包括在渔业、环境或影响渔业社区的社会和性别发展主题上工作的政府和非政府人员。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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个人/家庭层面：
- 样本量：每个国家300人
- 选择过程：在渔获地、市场和渔业社区进行拦截式调查。
- 分层：按地区和渔获地。
- 每个国家的目标调查数量（300）根据所选研究渔获地的数量进行划分。
焦点小组：
- 基于可用性选择的机会性非随机女性样本，参与小规模焦点小组讨论。
- 通常在每个地区或地区进行数据收集的地方进行两次焦点小组讨论，以对更大规模的基线评估进行项目。
个人（在小型渔业行业具有政策影响力）：关键信息提供者访谈的抽样是有目的的，选择那些据信对影响项目感兴趣的相关政策问题有知识的个人（例如，营养、性别问题、领导力、决策）。这些个人根据国家项目负责人和政府以及有影响力的当地领导人的专业知识进行识别。每个国家约有10名关键信息提供者接受调查，每个地区/地区有1-3人接受访谈。
抽样偏差
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在组织层面上，选择的调查个人群体并非随机选择，而是基于数据收集时的可用性和联系便利性进行选择。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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个人/家庭层面：
- 使用的问卷：为可持续粮食系统赋权小型渔业个人问卷。
- 语言：英语。
焦点小组层面：
- 使用的问卷：为可持续粮食系统赋权小型渔业焦点小组讨论问卷。
- 语言：英语。
关键信息提供者访谈：
- 使用的问卷：基线KII调查。
- 语言：英语。
数据清理操作
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个人/家庭层面：数据编辑在两个阶段进行：1. 评估员在最终确定调查输入之前对输入的问卷进行视觉检查。2. 分析内部报告的数据的顾问对数据进行了视觉检查并进行了必要的更正。