A niche driven mechanism determines response and a mutation-independent therapeutic approach for myeloid malignancies.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain resistant to standard of care (SOC) and targeted therapies. Here, we identify an oncogenic signal from the niche as a mechanism determining response to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), a regiment with disparate results in AML. In reported clinical trials responsiveness to ATRA correlates with activation of b-catenin/JAG1 in osteoblasts and Notch1 signaling in MDS/AML cells. ATRA inhibits osteoblastic b-catenin activation in patients and leukemic mice and thus suppresses patient MDS/AML cell growth and survival and promotes their differentiation independent of cytogenetics and mutational profile. ATRA also improves disease outcome in mice with no evidence of relapse and a superior safety profile as compared to SOC. A circulating skeletal stem cell population expressing activated b-catenin allows patient stratification and monitoring treatment response. A human blocking antibody against JAG1 further improves efficacy, curing mice from leukemia and maintaining the beneficial effects on patient-derived MDS/AML cells. These findings provide a mechanistic biomarker for immediate ATRA repurposing in MDS/AML and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting the niche to evade relapse and overcome toxicity. We collected bone marrow samples from two AML patients who had received ATRA treatment and compared the gene differences in the bone marrow of AML patients before and after ATRA treatment using RNA-seq.