Estimated association between food groups consumption1 and annual change in “waist circumference for a given body mass index (ΔWCBMI, cm/y)”.

1The effect of foods was studied per 100 kcal increments in intake, except for coffee and tea that were studied per 100 g increments due to their very low energy content.2The association between food consumption and ΔWCBMI was modelled using centre-specific linear regression [adjusting for: total energy intake, age, baseline weight, baseline height, baseline WCBMI, smoking, alcohol intake (except in the models including alcoholic beverages), physical activity, education, follow-up duration, menopausal status (women only), and hormone replacement therapy use (women only)], and random-effect meta-analyses to evaluate heterogeneity (I2) across study centres and to obtain pooled estimates of the associations.*indicates that there is heterogeneity across study centres (P for heterogeneity 3After excluding Italy where this food group was not assessed in their FFQ.4Effect modification by gender was considered relevant when the p for interaction between the exposure of interest and gender was