Summary of the selected studies which fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 1) closed midshaft clavicular fractures; 2) aged 18 or above; 3) with informed consent and be able to comply with follow-up period; 4) medically fit for surgery and anaesthesia.

Exclusion criteria were: 1) fracture at proximal or distal third of the clavicle; 2) polytrauma or presentation delayed beyond 24 hours post-injury; 3) pathological fracture; 4) open fractures; 5) associated neurovascular injuries; 6) medical contraindications to surgery or high risk of anaesthesia.