<i>h</i>^<i>2</i>, <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i>, and <i>h</i>^<i>2</i> corrected <i>P</i>_<i>ST</i> of adaptive traits (<i>P</i><0.05).

Note: P-value obtained by comparison of the observed QST—FST to the quantile of the simulated QST—FST distribution for a neutral trait [96]. abiomass trait [45] becophysiology trait [45] cleaf rust resistance trait [38] dphenology trait [45] ewood trait [37] fleaf stomata traits [44] *spatially adjusted trait [45] ║the variance explained by climate clusters compared to the total variance was estimated as h2 corrected PST S.E. refers to standard errors Active growth rate (cm day -1) Ad_StomataNUM1: Adaxial stomata numbers Ad_STM_distribution: Adaxial stomata distribution Amax/mass = photosynthetic rate per unit dry mass (μmol CO2 mg−1 s−1) Arabinose in dry wood (%) AUDPC = (calculated) area under the disease curve, based on M. xcolumbiana infection rating Bole density (kg/m3) Bole mass (kg) Branch # Bud set (day) Bud setǂ (day): bud set dates considered only after summer solstice C:N = carbon:nitrogen (mg mg−1) Canopy duration (days) Chlsummer = chlorophyll content index (CCI) D15N = stable nitrogen isotope ratio (‰) Dleaf = net discrimination (‰) Fiber: fiber length Lw (mm) Galactose in dry wood (%) Growth period (days) gs = stomatal conductance (mol H2O m−2 s−1) H:D = height to diameter (cm:cm) Height (cm) Height gain (cm) Height growth cessation (day) Leaf drop (day) Leaf lifespan (days) Leaves per bud (#) LMA = leaf mass per unit area (mg mm−2) MFA1: microfibril angle at most recent growth ring (°) Narea = nitrogen (mg mm−2) Nmass = nitrogen (mg mg−1) Post-bud set period (days) Volume (cm3) Volume gain (cm3) Whole tree mass (kg) WUE = instantaneous water-use efficiency (μmol CO2 mmol−1 H2O) Yellowing, 100% (day) Yellowing, 75% (day) Summary of 39 distinct adaptive traits of P. trichocarpa that diverged among different climate clusters (displayed are 59 tests for adaptation including tests for traits replicated in time, comprehensive results shown in S1 Table).